Socialización organizacional y salud mental positiva ocupacional como predictores del compromiso organizacional en docentes de educación superior / Organizational socialization and positive occupational mental health as predictors of organizational commitment in higher education teachers

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el carácter predictivo de la socialización organizacional y la salud mental positiva ocupacional sobre el compromiso organizacional en docentes de educación superior. Se contó con una muestra de 279 docentes de instituciones de educación superior que firmaron un consentimiento informado. El 54.5 % de los participantes eran mujeres, con una media de edad de 44.05 años (DE = 10.26). Los participantes respondieron el Inventario de Socialización Organizacional (ISO), el Cuestionario de Salud Mental Positiva Ocupacional (SMPO) y la Escala de Compromiso Organizacional (CO), y para el análisis de datos se aplicaron estadísticos descriptivos, un análisis de correlación y una regresión lineal múltiple con método de pasos sucesivos, ingresando por separado cada dimensión del compromiso organizacional como variable dependiente. Como resultado, se identificaron correlaciones de moderadas a débiles entre las variables de estudio, y se encontró que los modelos finales indican que las dimensiones de perspectivas de futuro y socioafectiva predicen en un 38 % el compromiso afectivo; que las perspectivas de futuro, la espiritualidad y la edad predicen en un 22.8 % el compromiso normativo; y que la dimensión perspectivas de futuro predice en un 9.2 % el compromiso de continuidad. Concluimos que las expectativas del docente sobre su desarrollo en la institución, así como sus interacciones a nivel socioafectivo y espiritual con el contexto laboral, son factores que influyen parcialmente en su vinculación con la organización educativa.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the predictive character of organizational socialization and occupational positive mental health on organizational commitment in higher education teachers. A sample of 279 teachers from higher education institutions who signed an informed consent form was used. Fifty-four point five percent of the participants were women, with a mean age of 44.05 years (SD = 10.26). The participants completed the Organizational Socialization Inventory (ISO), the Positive Occupational Mental Health Questionnaire (SMPO) and the Organizational Commitment Scale (OC), and for data analysis descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression with stepwise method were applied, entering each dimension of organizational commitment separately as a dependent variable. As a result, moderate to weak correlations were identified between the study variables, and it was found that the final models indicate that the future perspectives and socio-affective dimensions predict affective commitment by 38%; that future perspectives, spirituality and age predict normative commitment by 22.8%; and that the future perspectives dimension predicts commitment of continuity by 9.2%. It is concluded that teachers' expectations about their development in the institution, as well as their interactions at the socio-affective and spiritual level with the work context, are factors that partially influence their attachment to the educational organization.

A Local Health Situation Room for COVID-19: Recommendations for Decision-Making From a Higher Education Institution in Mexico.

Introduction: The Situation Room is a physical or virtual space where experts systematically analyze information to characterize a health situation, especially during emergencies. Decision-making processes are made toward solving health needs and promoting collaboration among institutions and social sectors. This paper presents the context and circumstances that led the University of Guadalajara (UdeG) to install a local health situation room (HSR) to address the COVID-19 pandemic at this institution based in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, a narrative is also made of its working processes and some of its results. Methods: The design of this situation room for COVID-19 was based on the methodology established by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO. This local-type situation room was installed on February 12, 2020. The health problem was characterized, and strategic lines, objectives, and goals were established; the first analysis was derived from an action plan deployed at the UdeG. The strategic lines were situational diagnosis, preventive actions, and containment strategies. Results: The situation room influenced the activities of the UdeG before the epidemic cases started in the state. One of the actions with the greatest impact was developing a mathematical model for predicting COVID-19 cases. Subsequently, new models have been developed according to the epidemiological evolution of the disease, helping manage the epidemic in the state. Another important result was the early closing of face-to-face university activities, reducing contagion risks and the mobility of more than 310,000 students, faculty, and administrative personnel throughout Jalisco. Conclusions: A consequence of the closure was that the confinement generated by the pandemic was the change to virtual meetings from April 2020 to date; but at the same time, this working format was a strength, since it influenced the decision of the university board to change all the academic activities to virtual format before other educational, economic, and social activities in the state did. By April 2020, the situation room transcended its institutional boundaries and was invited to participate at the Jalisco State's Health Committee. Its recommendations have helped to maintain the state with one of Mexico's lowest COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates.

Construction, validity and reliability of a global scale of perceived stressful events for adolescents / Construcción, validación y confiabilidad de una escala global de estresores percibidos para adolescentes

Abstract Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental stage, in which the adolescents' life experiences can be an important source of stress influencing their well-being and mental health, however, it depends on their subjective appraisal. The Perceived Stressors Global Scale for Adolescents was developed a valid and reliable measure to identify major and minor potentially stressful events, in multiple domains, as well as, the level of stress perceived, in adolescents. An instrumental study was conducted participating 991 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years old, attending public schools from five states of Mexico. A factor analysis by principal component (PC) with promax rotation method was performed, which revealed 53 Likert items distributed in six factors: Critical events; Daily hassles; Social exhibition; Family concerns; Academic stressors; and Social pressure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using maximum likelihood (ML) method corroborating the initial solution of six factors. The model's goodness-of-fit measures are acceptable, as well as, the internal consistency coefficients. Although data indicate that the scale could be useful for identifying domains and types of stressors, as well as, the intensity of adolescent's perceived stress, it is recommended to test this factorial model in other samples.

Resumen La adolescencia es una etapa del desarrollo vulnerable en la que las experiencias de vida de los adolescentes pueden ser una importante fuente de estrés que influye en su bienestar emocional y salud mental. La Escala Global de Estresores Percibidos para Adolescentes, fue desarrollado con el objetivo de contar con una medida válida y confiable que identifique sucesos mayores y menores potencialmente estresantes en diversos dominios, así como el nivel de estrés percibido, en adolescentes. Se llevó a cabo un estudio instrumental y los participantes fueron 991 adolescentes de 13 a 18 años de escuelas públicas de cinco estados de México. Se realizó un análisis factorial por componentes principales (CP) con rotación promax que arrojó 53 ítems distribuidos en seis factores: Eventos críticos; Contrariedades diarias; Exposición social; Preocupaciones familiares; Estresores académicos; y Presión social. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con el método de máxima verosimilitud (ML) corroboró una solución de seis factores. Los indicadores de bondad del ajuste del modelo son aceptables, así como los coeficientes de consistencia interna. La escala puede ser útil para identificar dominios y tipos de estresores, e intensidad del estrés percibida por los adolescentes, aunque se recomienda probar este modelo en otras muestras.

Resumo A adolescência é um estágio de desenvolvimento vulnerável, no qual as experiências de vida dos adolescentes podem ser uma importante fonte de estresse que influencia seu bem-estar emocional e saúde mental. A Escala Global de Estressores Percebidos para Adolescentes foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de ter uma medida válida e confiável que identifique eventos potencialmente maiores e menores em vários domínios, bem como o nível de estresse percebido em adolescentes. Foi realizado um estudo instrumental e os participantes foram 991 adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos de escolas públicas de cinco estados do México. Foi realizada uma análise fatorial de componente principal (PC) com rotação do promax, que resultou em 53 itens distribuídos em seis fatores: Eventos críticos; Contratempos diários; Exposição social; Preocupações familiares; Estressores acadêmicos; e pressão social. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) com o método da máxima verossimilhança (ML) corroborou uma solução de seis fatores. Os indicadores de qualidade de ajuste do modelo são aceitáveis, assim como os coeficientes de consistência interna. A escala pode ser útil para identificar domínios e tipos de estressores e a intensidade do estresse percebida pelos adolescentes, embora seja recomendável testar esse modelo em outras amostras.

Elementos que configuran la percepción de seguridad escolar en estudiantes de secundaria / Elements that configure school safety perception in high school students

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los elementos que configuran la percepción de seguridad escolar en estudiantes de secundaria. Se presenta un estudio cualitativo con enfoque sistémico ecológico. Por medio de un muestreo teórico, se incluyeron a 22 estudiantes, 50 % hombres con 12 a 16 años, quienes participaron en un grupo focal, previo consentimiento informado de los padres. Los datos recabados fueron audio grabados; se transcribieron y analizaron con el método de análisis de contenido por medio del programa Maxqda 18. Se identificaron 4 categorías que configuran la percepción de seguridad escolar: 1) condiciones de la escuela (físicas y organizacionales); 2) elementos relacionados con los maestros; 3) elementos relacionados con los compañeros, y 4) elementos relacionados con los padres. Los hallazgos sugieren que las condiciones físicas y organizacionales mantienen un papel importante en la con figuración del sentido de seguridad escolar. Asimismo, la cercanía y apoyo recibido de actores del contexto (maestros, padres y alumnos) promueve una percepción más positiva de la seguridad.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the individual elements that configure the school safety perception in middle school students. We designed a qualitative study, with a systemic and ecological approach. Using a theoretical sampling, we included 22 students, 50% man with an age from 12 to 16 years old, who participated in a focus group, previous informed consent from the parents. The session was videotaped, the data was transcribed and analyzed using content analysis with the program MAXQDA 18. We identified four categories of factors that configure the student's school safety perception: 1) school conditions (physical and organizational); 2) elements related to teachers; 3) elements related to peers; and 4) elements related to parents. The findings suggest that the school´s physical and organizational conditions have an important role in the configuration of the school safety perception. Likewise, the closeness and support received by actors from the school context (teachers, parents and peers) favor a more positive perception of school safety.

Psychometric properties of the Resilience Questionnaire for children and adolescents in Mexican high school students / Propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Resiliência para Crianças e Adolescentes em estudantes mexicanos do Ensino Médio / Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Resiliencia para Niños y Adolescentes en estudiantes mexicanos de bachillerato

Abstract Resilience implies a process of positive adjustment to adverse conditions. The growing interest in their study demands the need for valid and reliable measurement instruments that allow assessments with scientific rigor in different types of populations. The aim of the present research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Resilience Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. 512 students from a high school of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico, participated. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-dimensional composition with 18 items than explain 61.18% of the variance, with an excellent level of reliability (a = .90). Through confirmatory factor analysis, the model was corroborated, presenting adequate levels of adjustment. Convergent validity was assessed using Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, obtaining significant positive correlations with the dimensions of resilience. The divergent validity was assessed through the Depression Scale of the Epidemiological Studies Center - Revised, showing significant negative correlations. Results and practical implications are discussed.

Resumo O estudo da resiliência, capacidade que implica um processo de adaptação positiva às condições de adversidade, passou por um crescente interesse nos últimos anos que demanda a necessidade de contar com instrumentos de medição válidos e confiáveis que permitam realizar avaliações com rigor científico em diferentes tipos de população. Por esse motivo, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Resiliência para Crianças e Adolescentes com uma amostra de 512 estudantes do Ensino Médio preparatório da Universidade de Guadalajara, no México. Inicialmente, realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória que resultou em uma composição de quatro dimensões com 18 itens que explicam 61,18% da variância, com um nível de confiabilidade alto (a = .90), e uma análise fatorial confirmatória com a qual se corroborou o modelo, com níveis adequados de ajuste. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a validade convergente do instrumento com a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, com a qual foram obtidas correlações positivas significativas com as dimensões da resiliência. E, por último, aplicou-se a validade divergente com a Escala de Depressão do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos (Revisada), com a qual foram encontradas correlações negativas significativas. Por fim, discutem-se os resultados e as implicações práticas.

Resumen El estudio de la resiliencia, capacidad que implica un proceso de adaptación positiva a condiciones de adversidad, ha tenido un creciente interés en los últimos años que demanda la necesidad de contar con instrumentos de medición válidos y confiables que permitan hacer evaluaciones con rigor científico en diferentes tipos de poblaciones. Por esta razón, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Resiliencia para Niños y Adolescentes con una muestra de 512 estudiantes de una preparatoria de la Universidad de Guadalajara, México. Inicialmente, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que arrojó una composición de cuatro dimensiones con 18 ítems que explican 61.18% de la varianza, con un nivel de confiabilidad alto (a = .90); y un análisis factorial confirmatorio con el que se corroboró el modelo, con niveles adecuados de ajuste. Posteriormente, se evaluó la validez convergente del instrumento con la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, donde se obtuvieron correlaciones positivas significativas con las dimensiones de la resiliencia. Y, por último, se valoró la validez divergente con la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (Revisada), donde se encontraron correlaciones significativas negativas. Al final se discuten los resultados y las implicaciones prácticas.

Validez predictiva de las competencias socioemocionales sobre la resiliencia en adolescentes mexicanos

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el nivel predictivo de las competencias socioemocionales sobre la resiliencia, por lo que se aplicaron el Inventario de Competencias Socioemocionales (EQi-YV) y la Escala de Resiliencia para Adolescentes (READ) a una muestra de 840 adolescentes mexicanos. Los resultados obtenidos a través de un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, señalan que las habilidades de adaptabilidad, así como el optimismo y el autoconcepto, favorecen la competencia personal. Mientras que las competencias interpersonales y la capacidad para generar emociones positivas, predicen las competencias sociales asociadas a la resiliencia. Destaca que el manejo de emociones negativas como el enojo, pierde significancia en el modelo. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de la importancia del desarrollo positivo del adolescente.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive level of socio-emotional skills on resilience. The Inventory of Socioemotional Skills (EQi-YV) and the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) were applied to a sample of 840 Mexican adolescents. The results obtained through a structural equation analysis, indicated that adaptability, optimism and selfsteem, promote personal competences, while interpersonal skills and generating a positive mood, facilitate social competence associated with resilience. The management of negative emotions, like anger, lost significance in the model. The results are discussed in light of the importance of positive adolescent development.

Relaciones escolares, comunicación con padres y prosocialidad como predictores de emociones positivas / School relationships, communication with parents and prosociality as predictors of positive emotions in adolescents

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar el nivel predictivo de las relaciones entre compañeros de clase, la comunicación afectiva con los padres y la generación de conductas prosociales sobre la experimentación de emociones positivas en adolescentes. Participaron 490 estudiantes de secundaria de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la subescala de Relaciones de la Escala de Clima Social, la subescala de Comunicación de la Escala de Afecto en su versión para hijos, la escala de Conductas Positivas (prosociales) y el cuestionario de Emociones Positivas. Se realizaron pruebas de correlación y una regresión lineal múltiple por el método de pasos sucesivos. Se encontró una asociación positiva entre las variables: afiliación y ayuda, conductas prosociales y comunicación afectiva con ambos padres, y la experimentación de emociones positivas de alegría y buen humor (p < .01). Por su parte, la comunicación basada en crítica y rechazo de la madre presentó una asociación negativa (p < .01). En los análisis predictivos se encontró que las conductas prosociales y el tener una comunicación afectiva con la madre mantuvieron su valor predictivo en las emociones positivas en el adolescente (R² = .246). Se concluye que las conductas prosociales y los vínculos positivos con la madre son variables que predicen la experiencia de emociones positivas.

The aim of this study was to identify the predictive value of the relationships between classmates, the affective communication with parents and the generation of prosocial behavior have on the experimentation of positive emotions in adolescents. The sample included 490 middle school students from the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara. We used the measurement instruments: subscale Relations from the Social Climate Scale, the Affective communication subscale from the Affect Scale, in its version for children; the Positive Behavior Scale and, the Positive Emotion Survey. We used correlation tests and multiple linear regression by the method of successive steps for statistical analysis. Results showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the variables of affiliation and help, prosocial behavior and affective communication with both parents, and, the experimentation of positive emotions: joy and good humor (p < .01). The communication based in criticism with both parents reported statistically significant negative correlations (p < .01). In the multiple linear regression analysis, we found that prosocial behavior and affective communication with the mother are variables that predict positive emotions (R² = .246). In conclusion, this study found that both, prosocial behavior and positive bonds with the mother, predict the experience of positive emotions.

Factor structure and internal reliability of an exercise health belief model scale in a Mexican population.

BACKGROUND: Mexico is one of the countries with the highest rates of overweight and obesity around the world, with 68.8% of men and 73% of women reporting both. This is a public health problem since there are several health related consequences of not exercising, like having cardiovascular diseases or some types of cancers. All of these problems can be prevented by promoting exercise, so it is important to evaluate models of health behaviors to achieve this goal. Among several models the Health Belief Model is one of the most studied models to promote health related behaviors. This study validates the first exercise scale based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Mexicans with the objective of studying and analyzing this model in Mexico. METHODS: Items for the scale called the Exercise Health Belief Model Scale (EHBMS) were developed by a health research team, then the items were applied to a sample of 746 participants, male and female, from five cities in Mexico. The factor structure of the items was analyzed with an exploratory factor analysis and the internal reliability with Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis reported the expected factor structure based in the HBM. The KMO index (0.92) and the Barlett's sphericity test (p < 0.01) indicated an adequate and normally distributed sample. Items had adequate factor loadings, ranging from 0.31 to 0.92, and the internal consistencies of the factors were also acceptable, with alpha values ranging from 0.67 to 0.91. CONCLUSIONS: The EHBMS is a validated scale that can be used to measure exercise based on the HBM in Mexican populations.

La percepción del trabajador de la industria manufacturera con relación a su bienestar y el sentido de coherencia / The perception of the manufacturing industry worker regarding his well-being and sense of coherence

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación existente entre el estado de bienestar y el Sentido de Coherencia (SC) como factores psicosociales con relación a característicasde percepción laboral. Material y métodos: Un estudio de corte transversal y descriptivo en una muestra alea-torizada de 369 trabajadores de la industria manufacturera de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (México). El estudio se realizó en 24 industrias de los tres parques industriales, seleccionadas solo por su tamaño Resultados: El mayor puntaje global de SC lo obtienen los hombres, con 124.44. La percepción de una "mala salud mental" se presenta en 17.61 % de los hombres y en 29.45% de las mujeres, siendo en los hombres en los que se presentan diferencias significativas estadísticamente con respecto al mayor promedio de edad del trabajador y del tiempo laborando. Las puntuaciones del SC fueron mayor en sujetos con un mejor estado de bienestar, en ambos sexos, y se correlaciona inversamente con las puntuaciones del Cuestionario General de Salud (GHQ) en todos los temas estudiados. Conclusiones: Existe una percepción individual negativa respecto a su bienestar, al rendimiento y a la actividad poco motivante y relacionada con factores organizacionales, donde perciben falta de incentivos, inseguridad en mantener su empleo, falta de valoración a su trabajo, poco salario e insuficiente capacitación por parte de la empresa, lo que conduce a un bajo Sentido de Coherencia.

Objective: Evaluate the existing relationship between the sense of well-being and coherence (SC), as psychosocial factors related to labor perception characteristics. Methods and materials: A cross-section and descriptive study of a random sample of 369 workers of the manufacturing industry of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (Mexico). The study was carried out in 24 industries of three industrial parks associated only by their size. Results: The highest global score of SC are obtained by men with 124.44 points. The perception of "bad metal health" is presented by 17.61% of the men and 29.45% of women, being in men where there are significant statistically differences regarding to the highest average age of the worker and the time working there. The SC scores were higher in individuals with a better sense of well-being, in both genres, and it correlates inversely with the General Health Questionnaire scores in all the subjects studied. Conclusions: There is a negative individual perception regarding well-being, performance, and the not much motivating activity related to organizational factors, where they observe a lack of incentives, job insecurity, feeling of not being appreciated in their jobs, low salaries, and insufficient ongoing training on behalf of the company which lead them to a low Sense of Coherence.

Competencias socioemocionales y variables sociodemográficas asociadas a conductas disóciales en adolescentes mexicanos / Socio-emotional skills and socio-demographic variables associated with antisocial behavior in mexican adolescents

La identificación de conductas disociales que anteceden al trastorno antisocial de la personalidad y los factores protectores asociados al mismo, se ha convertido en un objetivo prioritario en los contextos de violencia que actualmente se viven en México por su contribución al establecimiento de mecanismos de prevención. Este estudio busca identificar la relación entre las competencias socioemocionales y algunas variables sociodemográficas con las conductas disociales en adolescentes. Se aplicaron el Inventario de Cociente Emocional (EQ-i) y la Escala de Conductas Disociales (ECODI-27) a una muestra de 471 adolescentes residentes de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, México. Los resultados confirmaron la hipótesis de que escasas competencias emocionales (específicamente manejo del estrés y competencias interpersonales) predicen la presencia de conductas disociales.

The identification of antisocial behaviors that precede the antisocial disorders and protective factors associated with them, has become a priority in the context of violence currently being experienced in Mexico for the contribution to establishing prevention mechanisms. This study seeks to identify the relationship between socio-emotional skills and socio-demographic variables with antisocial behavior in adolescents. We applied the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and antisocial behaviors scale (ECODI-27) to a sample of 471 adolescents residing in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico. The results confirmed the hypothesis that lower emotional competences (specifically, stress management and interpersonal skills) predict the presence of antisocial behavior.